Aplikasi Endnote

Contoh Aplikasi Software EndNotes Researches on order relevancy of account statement information in Ind unrivalledsia an d other developing countries generally suggested that accountancy numbers are relevant to measure firm measure (1, one author of diary). However, value relevance of accounting information in Asian countries are as well found to fluctuate over metre as a result of fiscal crisis, negative clams, accounting s bottomlanddals and violation of regulations in the jacket crown market. These events have negatively affected value relevance of accounting information.Researches on value relevance of accounting information have continued to develop following such changes (2, trine authors of journal) investigate the value relevance of intelligence value and net income between two different fiscal reporting regimes i. e. during MASB and FRS period in Malaysia. The result of the study suggests that hold values are value relevant under both regimes but earnings are v alue relevant only during the MASB time period. That means that the change in financial reporting regime likewise affects significantly the value relevance of book value and but not earnings.Another study which investigates the value relevance between aggregated and disaggregated book value and earnings among Malaysian high-tech firms is performed by (3, tercet authors = 2). The result of the study shows that the explanatory proponent of both book value and earnings are fluctuating, book value is in a lessen trend, while earnings show an increasing trend. In addition, the result withal suggests that disaggregated book value and earnings could explain the variation in market value better than aggregated book value and earnings.The family blood between earnings prudence and value relevance of accounting information can also be explained by dint of earnings quality. (4, two authors of book) argue that earnings management is associated to earnings quality. (5, single author of journal) also states that highly managed earnings have low quality. It means that earnings management actions will reduce earnings quality i. e. reliability of earnings. The relevance of accounting information in valuation of a firm can be affected by markets insight of the reliability of the information (6, four authors of book series).This means earnings management actions negatively affect value relevance of earnings. Most of the studies on the relationship between earnings management and value relevance of accounting information are conducted in the watt or developed countries. These studies attempted to examine earnings management using discretionary accruements (7, three authors of journal 8, two author of journals 9, single author of journal). Governance system plays an important role in the financial reporting process.As suggested by prior researches, rules and regulations formulated to protect investors are key institutional factors affecting the embodied policy choices ( 10, three authors of conference proceding 11, two authors of journal). The researchers find that the fortress level performed by institutions are associated with the receipts of accrual-based accounting information. The level of protection imposed by the capital market supervisory agency plays a role in reducing the level of manipulation that can be conducted by managers and run intoling shareholders through accruals transactions. Several international studies provide evidence on the association between earnings quality and the score of protection to investors from the expropriation by obligateling shareholders and managers. These studies assert that the characteristics of earnings are affected by the degree of investors protection (12, same aurhor with no 11 and 2). As an emerging capital market, many of the listed companies in Indonesia have evolved from the handed-down family owned enterprises with highly concentrated ownership structure (13, single author of thesis).In the context where firms have a controlling block of shares held by the major shareholders, the key agency problem is between the controlling (majority) and nonage shareholders. The condition gives great opportunities for managers to engage in palpable earnings management especially in Indonesia. low the condition of a highly concentrated ownership structure, it is argued that the controlling shareholders effectively possess greater control rights than the control rights provided through their voting shares as they are also involved in the management decisions (13, three authors of electronic article).Concentrated share ownership thus creates opportunities for controlling shareholders to expropriate the resources of an entity. Expropriation is a process of using ones control rights to maximize their welfare through the distribution of wealth from others to him (14, four authors of book series). Expropriation is one of the earnings management tactics conducted by management for the ben efit of the controlling shareholders. Furthermore, (15, same authors with no 14) state that the monitoring intent will be hard if managers are part of the majority shareholders when their ownership increases to a certain level.If ones voting shares have reached a certain threshold, then he/she can have a full control and tend to steer the company to accomplish his/her personal objectives (16, two authors of journal). In addition, it is also argued that to engage in expropriation in countries that adheres to the civil law is easier as compared to countries which practise common law effectual system (17, three authors of journal 18, two authors of journal).Under the Common virtue system, accounting standards and policies are more nasty and protection of the rights of shareholders and creditors is greater with the implementation of various contract system (19, three authors of book series). It is perceived that a country like Indonesia which has its legal tradition originated from the civil law has relatively weaker development in its capital market and various financial institutions as compared to those countries which have legal environment rooted from the Common Law system.The evidence is consistent with study conducted by (20, same authors with no 19). On the contrary, The Germans companies with principle-based accounting standards would prefer to perform accrual earnings management because lenient standards still allow the conduct of accrual earnings management whichis less costly. The findings are in line with (21, same authors with no 17) which found that accounting standards which are more stringent (tighter) is able to reduce the practice of accrual earnings management, but triger real earnings management.