Gender inequalities in employment

Gender in tallyities in enjoy custodytIntroductionIn this canvas I shall discuss the advancement of the European couplings prove to dismantle sexual practice dissimilarity in involution. In addition to this, I shall examine workforceses EU law fashioning, insurance issues, accessible and economic challenges reckond by whatever(prenominal) hands and women. Finally, I shall thus comment on EU solutions and win developments that can ease alleviate the pa subroutine in inequalities in interlocking.The European Union is withal referred to as the European frugal Community (atomic number 63) it is a union consisting of 27 fellow extremity states the EU was created by the accord of Maastrichton 1st November 1993 upon the foundations of theEuropean scotch Community (cited in Wikipedia) this union is merged together to improve the economical, policy-making and hearty cohesion amongst people who reside in these countries.After the second World War, many women were r equired to fulfil the spaces of men, who had lost their lives in strife or were unable to work and thus at that place was a ranch in the crunch force. Women were consequently recruited and thus introduced in to employment to change and maintain the fragile economy at the time. However, on contrary to normal belief women continued to work even after the economic pip improved, the Suffragettes movement was extremely notable in women fighting for recognition. From the beginning women were tempered unfairly in regards to poor pay, however both(prenominal) were happy to demand some economic freedom from men and thus accepted degrade jobs. (Cited in Euro finishing master)Cockburn (1991) comments that the relationship between capitalism and restriction is divided up between bosses and men, and thus neglects the sex relationships of work and home. Much of the theory regarding women and employment is largely based on patriarchal theories. Duncombe and Marsden (1995) argue that women are subjected to tierce shifts this involves gainful force, domestic labour and emotional labour. The emotional labour refers to the upkeep and attentiveness of the family unit, i.e. the social role of the woman being a married woman and a mother towards the children and husband. Due to such challenges the intuitive feeling of protective legislation was introduced. (Cited in Sociology An interactive approach p189)Much treaties and directive were introduced in to some EU countries in attempt to dismantle sexual activity inequality. The EEC schematic the principle of fair pay for men and women in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. However this was extremely complicated to practice in all members of states. This was simply receivable to the sentiment of equal pay for equal work but it was very rare that both sexes per create the same casing of work. It was too noted that typically anthropoid jobs were much better paid then fe masculine jobs. Hence, it was ap parent that the socially existing norm of manly power was to a greater extent(prenominal) important than female qualities.In 1975 the EU introduced directives to hike empower women in the field of employment the council directive of 75/117/EEC still supported the treaty of Rome on equal pay. Since 1975 there waste been many gravestone directives in aiding womens role in employment, some of the directives affirm focused on equal treatment of women in regards of promotion, social security, during pregnancy, and sex discrimination. (Cited in Women Lobby)During the 1990s the EU began to realize the significance of sexual practice equality and how it impacted the employment sector. In 1997 the EU introduced the European interlocking Strategy (EES) which recognized equal opportunities amongst men and women. The treaty of Amsterdam was withal introduced in 1997 this treaty was combination of past directives and further introduced positive pull through to combat equal pay and dis crimination amongst men and women in employment. (Cited in Union History).However, there were criticisms of these policies which only ensured that more women were in work and did not focus on the quality of the jobs they were in. This view is further supported in the following quotationIn practice, more attention has been paid to superlative the female employment rate than to generating the better jobs for women that are essential for constricting the grammatical gender pay gap(in Union History)Sadly the EU has failed to amply implement gender equality in employment, since it still persists despite the entry of the above directives and treaties. The EU has therefore proposed six key designs within the road map for gender equality (2006-2010). These include equal economic independence for men and women, reconciliation of offstage and professional lifespan, equal representation in decision making the eradication of all forms of gender based violence, the emptying of gender bas ed stereotypes, and finally the promotion of gender equality in external and development policies. (cited in delegating of the European Communities deal 2006)The inequality of gender gaps is the first key objective of fulfilling EU goals in employment and social cohesion. The demand for increased participation of women in the labour grocery store provides a marked contribution to economic development and in roll economic independence for women. According to the above article, women still face more risk of poverty overdue to being over represented in the secondary labour market.According to Barren and Norris (1976) women are industrious in unstable employment that is based on short term contracts, begin pay and entail unskilled work with fewer prospects , they are therefore more likely to be made redundant and thus smart from a decline in the labour market. (in Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p192).In Addition Bruegal (1976) comments from a red feminist perspective, states that such workers are used to keep costs at minimum by replacing more highly skilled and demanding workers i.e. men. (Cited Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p129)Women are therefore literally restricted in their opportunities to work further due to their domestic and emotional responsibility. In addition, women entrepreneurs are faced with more difficulties then male counterparts in building up their own business, in attempt to dismantle the structural inequalities and discrimination the EU has recommended the Entrepreneurship Action Plan to help support women in developing such projects. Women who to a fault belong to pagan minority groups suffer from twice as much discrimination and challenges, in order to fight such multiple discrimination the EU has proposed the simulation for the Integration of Third Country Nationals. This framework provides the promotion of migration and integration policies in order to guarantee womens rights and civil participation. In doing so, women from all backgrounds, can use their full economic potential and have the equal opportunity to statement and prosperity. (Cited in committee of the European Communities Report 2006)The second key objective of the EU is of the reconciliation of hush-hush and professional life for both men and women. According to the (Commission of the European Communities Report 2007) women face more challenges than men when it comes to discourse work and private life, consequently this affects their career choices. Statistics suggest that more women than men work on part time basis and thus buzz off more career breaks than men, which clearly has a harmful impact on their careers. Also, women are more subjected than men, to take on domestic and emotional labour in addition to taking parental leave and looking after children and other dependent family members. The 2007 EU Commission report concludes that due to the want of accessible and affordable childcare, women face more inequality in employment. The general re sult of this is that women are placed in unstable jobs with lower pay, which makes them more vulnerable to the larger risk of poverty. The matter is made worse for single parent families who have dependents.On the other hand, according to the Lisbon treaty, womens employment in the EU is close to meeting its goal of 60% by 2010.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg5) However, it is clear that a smoke more needs to be done to accomplish satisfactory directs of childcare provisions (according to the Barcelona objectives) in order for both parents to combine work and private life. The European Union has alike reflected further funding targeted at alter equal opportunities, for instance the European Social Fund(ESF) which caters for women projects in regards to vocational procreation in alliance with the NOW community Initiative.(cited in europrofem)The EU has also established initiatives in 2008 to support better work life symmetry by making amendments to directive 92/85/EEC on maternity protection. The changes introduce changing the minimum maternity leave from 14 to 18weeks without the loss of earning.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 6) Furthermore, this idea has also been developed in regards to family related leave in regards to family policies and work life reconciliation issues for men. For instance, legislation on improved leave arrangements for fathers is already coordinated in countries such as Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lithuania and Spain.The third EU key objective in the roadmap proposes the need for the equal representation of women in decision making posts. The unequal division of domestic labour and caring responsibilities has clearly been a barrier in the advancement of women in employment, there has therefore been a need to amend and create policies to instigate womens participation in the labour market. The Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 noted that women predomin ated jobs were undervalued in equivalence to male counterparts. Findings suggested that such jobs had lower rates of pay. For instance almost 40% of women were employed in the wellness, education and general administration sector in comparison to only 20% of men.(pg 3). In defense mechanism of this argument, men also face discrimination in accessing non traditional employment. For instance the notion of a male carer or nurse is seen with disgusts or caution due to gender stereotypes formed by society according to Acker (1989) (cited in Theory and Practice of breast feeding an integrated approach to caring practices By Lynn Basford, Oliver Slevin). This suggested a segregation of the labour market which was being strengthen by traditional and social stereotypes which further influenced people in to gender roles. The EU has since implemented a..network to advertise women in economic and political decision-making positions which was launched in 2008 to provide a programme for exc hange of uncorrupted practices between existing networks at EU level (Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 6)In attempt to dismantle the inequality of gender in employment the fourth EU key objective is in regards to the eradication of gender based violence. The EU has established the Daphne programme which supports women and children who have suffered as a result of domestic abuse.(cited in europrofem) The commission has also encouraged the criminalisation of trafficking women and children through exploitation. The EU proposes under new directives to incorporate such vulnerable groups in to the labour market. It also proposes the support of member states to encourage awareness raising campaigns, support networks both for the perpetrators of violence and the victims of abuse.The one-fifth EU key objective as described in the roadmap is the notion of gender based stereotypes. At present there is still a major problem in regards to inequality in employment. The EUC has place a gender pay gap has one of the major concern for the European commission according to The Road Map for Gender Equality 2006-2010. In order to improve the present dilemma, there have been many legislative and non legislative developments to combat the challenges of discrimination and encourage gender equality in employment. Furthermore, despite the previously mentioned interventions above, there still persists a major gender pay gap which reflects on the overall factors of inequalities and thus discrimination in employment. On average women were earning on average 15% less than men in the European Union in 2005. (Cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg 2) It was found that the gender pay gap still exists due to direct and indirect discrimination factors. It can also be attributed to social and economic factors. In regards to dismantling gender stereotypes the EU recommend gender mainstreaming and encourage ESF, ICT programmes in education and cult ure programmes in schools through media tools.In regards to the sixth and final key objective illustrated in the roadmap for equality in employment, the EU has proposed the development and amendment of policies extending to external neighbouring countries. The EU adheres to recognised determine of the millenary Development Declaration and the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA). The recent EU strategy for Africa is also committed to encouraging gender equality in external countries. The EU commits to promoting the need for education and freedom of opportunity and health and safety. Above all, it welcomes the participation of all women in the sphere of economic and political life in decision making.Four priority areas have been identified by the Commission these include, that pre-existing legal framework is fully employ and utilised whilst identifying areas for improvement. The active participation of all parties is also to be promoted in all Members of State. In addition to this, t he European Strategy for Growth and Jobs should be applied in full to all employers. Above all the notion of effectual practice at all levels is to be stressed to kill traditional stereotypes and discriminatory practices.The European Pact for Gender Equality 2006 stresses the importance of the commitments of the Member of states to take critical action in this area. Furthermore, several members of states have reunited to take prominent action regarding the labour market, education, training, and the balance of work and private life. Unfortunately there has been little progress in regards to commitments from the other member of states to take action addressing this issue according to the Commissions annual report on growth and jobs 2006.( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg 8)In defence of the above the Commission in 2007 vowed to improve the quality of statistics used in regards to the gender pay gap, in addition they have also promised to encourage all member of states to set key targets and limits for reducing the pay gap between man and women on the basis of data and findings gathered by the annual reports issued. The Commission is also in progress of setting up action programmes on equal opportunities for its own staff, it is apparent that within public administration there is a major pay gap which is direct influenced by the presence of occupational segregation and the small presence of women in decision making posts. Despite the overwhelming evidence that an increased list of women are becoming more highly qualified, there is still a persistent fact they are still outnumbered by men in higher positions of hierarchy and importance, both in politics and business.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 5)According to the European Alliance on bodily Social Responsibility (CSR) the notion of equality also poses as a competitive advantage as it utilises the staffs full productive potential. It encourages incentives to support good practice to tackle the inequalities in the pay. Currently the Commission already promotes good practice by raising awareness through the PROGRESS programme. (cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg 9)In addition to the above, the Commission also proposes to introduce gender equality policies, to eradicate structural inequalities within the oeuvre in regards to improving the profile of occupations which are paid less. For instance, the Framework of actions on gender equality 2007, proposes awareness-raising and training measures in addition to the growth of take comparison tools and strategies to decrease the pay gap. (cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg10)ConclusionTo conclude this assignment the notion of equality is integral to the values of the European Union. Despite the European Union making significant progress over time, in regards to developing directives, treaties and legislation. In addition to , the EU has reinforced gender mainstreaming via training and capacity building for those involved in policy making.Statistics indicate that gender inequality still persists in employment. The European Union have a long way in fulfilling key targets in dismantling gender inequality. In my personal opinion the EU key objectives need to be more transparent to the public in equipment casualty of setting realistic targets to strengthen gender mainstreaming across all member states in order to achieve change.ReferencesCommission of the European Communities Report 2006 talk from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social direction and the deputation of the Regions(2006), A Roadmap for equality between women and men 2006-2010,Brussels,(Online) Available at http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM20060092 fivesomeENPDF (Accessed 20/11/2009)Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 communion from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions(2007). Tackling the pay gap between women and men, Brussels,(Online) http//www.retepariopportunita.it/Rete_Pari_Opportunita/UserFiles/news/com_pay_gap_.pdf (Accessed 21/11/2009)Commission of the European Communities Report 2009Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Brussels,(2009) Equality between women and men-2009 Brussels,(Online) http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM20090077FINENPDF (Accessed 21/11/2009)European Unionhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union (Accessed 10/11/2009)Euro culture masterhttp//www.euroculturemaster.org/pdf/kunstova.pdf (Accessed 12/11/2009)Europrofemhttp//www.europrofem.org/contri/2_04_en/en-gend/08en_gen.htm (accessed 23/11/2009) Jorgensen,N.,Bird,J.,Heyhoe,A.,Russell,B.,Savvas,M.,(1997).SociologyAn Interactive Approach,Collins educationalUnion Historyhttp//www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/roaddisplay.php?irn=785 (Accessed 15/11/2009)Women Lobbyhttp//www.womenlobby.org/site/1abstract.asp?DocID=184v1ID=RevID=namePage=pageParent=DocID_sousmenu (Accessyoutubeed 14/11/2009) http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=WCSunMx7EJ8Cpg=RA1-PA392lpg=RA1-PA392dq=theory-male+nurses+gender+equalitysource=blots=Bqru6biKWysig=PY0uthcQiq3VFmaaivgF6YEpLPQhl=enei=wnsdS46lJJeZjAfU_f2PBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQv=onepageq=f=false

Case Study of Architect Serina Hijjas and Menara Telekom

Case Study of Architect Serina Hijjas and Menara TelekomTHEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISMINTRODUCTION Ar. Serina Hijjas is a 50 years old renowned local anaesthetic architect who has to a salienter extent than 20 years of experience in architectural field. She has d unmatched some high rise government projects in Malaysia and to a fault participated in several(prenominal) international projects. Having an amazing architect, Hijjas Kasturi as her father, she was exposed to the computer architecture world prior than any other architect. This has helped her much to develop her own architectural plan speculation since new-made. She has also worked in value Associates for a few years in United Kingdom. Today, she is the director of Hijjas Kasturi Associates and also the foundingmember of Malaysias Green Building Index good Committee.Menara Telekom, Kuala Lumpur is an office edifice de crossed by the father daughter Serina Hijjas and Hijjas Kasturi in year 1995, completion o f twist construction was in year 2001. Menara Telekom is an capable expression rated with six stars for its fig parkways on green grammatical constituent or sustainability. The predominate is a 55 storeys high accommodates a work tribe of approximately 8000. It has a 1500 seat theatre and a large arrangement area under the foot of the tower. Since the client of the construction TM Malaysia is a provider of telecommunication services, this intelligent create has been designed to reflect their committedness on efficiency efficiency in the building management and nutrition system. To get hold of Serina Hijjass personal attri un slightes of architectural theory in the design of Menara Telekom, analysis and observation is done physically and intellectually to theorize and picture the architecture.3 EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTING FACTOR a) ClimateThe first away contri unlessing broker of Serina Hijjass design on Menara Telekom would be the climate. Malaysia captures torrential of sunlight byout a year. Hijjas has carefully designed the building by orientating the office building to face the North and South side of meat to avoid the occupants from receiving direct glare. To solve the incursion of sunlight from East and West, jactitate gardens are designed in between of the two office tower to shade the indoor spaces. The gardens provide the users of the building the comfort and convenient to go outside the building, away from the busy working floors, to humanize the working surround in this large structure. Besides, the South and North faades are installed with long and urbane tinted glass window panels to edit out extreme glare from sunlight. At the analogous time, all the window panel on the building faade is also able to provide sufficient daylight to the office tower to reduce the energy consumption of the building. On the other hand, Serina Hijjas has done a great effort in purpose a good descent circulation in this building to allow the wind pass through the building fenestration. The assembly line pressure theory is being applied on the sky gardens whereby animated air rises on the sky gardens (which received sunlight from East and West) cause high pressure, and the high pressure pushes the air creating a continuous air attempt between the exterior and interior of building. Thus, the building is able to receive fresh air supply through sky garden and throw out exhaust air from air conditioner in the building to the outdoor through windows of the office tower. This careful design schema of the sun and wind working together has brought great advantage to the Menara Telekom, making it an efficient intelligent building. The affection of Hijjas on the orientation of building to the sunlight penetration and wind movement has sayn her efforts on designing the building in response to the climate. Figure 1. send out circulation in Menara Telekomb) Architectural Theory RegionalismThe second away contri simplye facto r of Serina Hijjas on designing Menara Telekom is Regionalism. Regionalism is an architectural theory which embraces modern architecture but at the same time takes in the consideration of geographical place setting. Kenneth Frampton at one time said it should be on topography, light, climate, on tectonic form kinda than on scenography. Menara Telekom is a modern building which contain parable of local instalment that reflects the identity of Malaysia. It is a opthalmic translation of bamboo shoots into the form or shape of building. The bamboo could represent the identity of Malaysia because it is a common plant or construction material used in local. Not only with the building form that is able to reflect Malaysias identity, Menara Telekom is also responding to the surrounding circumstance with its concrete faade which fits in harmoniously with the neighbor building on the order. The expression of building materiality shows the building respects the street context (most of the neighbor building are built using concrete) and stands on the purpose in a humble way without overpowering the surrounding environment. Moreover, as one of the tallest building in Kuala Lumpur, Menara Telekom is designed to provide diametrical portion of visual forms, whether taller or shorter slimmer or broader depending on variant considerpoint from the street. For example, when mortal is stand on the North and South, the full breadth of Menara Telekom is shown, creating a broader view but when one is standing on the East and West, it looks slim and visualisem to be taller. This arouse visual perception has shown how much Serina Hijjas thinks about the visual experience of the people on the street. She knows it is important to consider the view from dissimilar direction when the building she designs is built this tall and more would view it from different way. Furthermore, the orientation of the building has been designed to respond well to the sunlight penetration and air circulation as what the climate factor explains. The sky garden is the strategy used by Hijjas to treat the hot East and West side. Moreover, the gigantic transparent wall under the canopy which marks the main attract of the building, is designed to face the main road, Federal Highway as an inviting sign to welcome people to enter the building. Serina Hijjass design has responded well from site context to climate factor, making Menara Telekom a building that has regionalism qualities.c) Socio-cultureThe third external contributing factor of Serina Hijjass design is socio-culture. Hijjas Kasturi Associates has an interest to design building using metaphor that reflects certain meaning. According to the lists of building that the firm has done, thither are a few buildings being designed to symbolize something. For example, Maybank building in Kuala Lumpur symbolizes Keris (a Malay weapon and also an indicator of social status), The shell which represents the droplets of Mo ther Nature (responded to the site context). Menara Telekom is no exception. Menara Telekom uses bamboo shoots as a metaphor to represent Malaysias Identity. In Malaysia, bamboo is a common and well-known orchard that is being used frequently. It can be used in mixed industry for different purposes such as construction material, design material, food, and many more. Menara Telekom is designed to represent the bamboo shoot of bamboo to convey a message whereby childlike bamboo has strong foundations at its root with its leaves unfurling one by one. This design impression is also often associated with the Malaysia artist Latiff Mohidins image of a pucuk rebung (bamboo shoot), but only the idea for a contoured form had to be balanced against technological limitations. Serina Hijjas designed the building in a way where she uses repetitive elements on the faade and floor plates in a tight core provision to achieve equilibrium but still maintaining the shape of a bamboo shoot. In sho rt, the sculptural form of the building was developed by the design team up to sought out a shape that can reflect the cultural identity of Malaysia, making the building an instant recognized skyscraper that people could see it as building that represents Malaysia. Figure 2. Bamboo shootDISCUSSION OF ARCHITECTS THEORYBy looking on the three external contributing factors that have influenced Serina Hijjas in designing the building, it somehow shows that Serinas design master(prenominal) is inspired by her father, Hijjas Kasturi, and some experiences that she has gained while working at Foster Associates in United Kingdom. Serina Hijjas who everlastingly look up to her father since young has the same design intention as her father but she does it in her own way with the assist of more modern technology knowledge. alike(p) her father, Hijjas Kasturis project, she always wanted to design building which suits the local architecture language whether by its look or its function but sh e includes energy efficiency and sustainability characteristics into her design. This approach is important to her because as an architect who has been exposed to different foreign architecture environment (especially Europe where she spent most of her study time), she realized the importance to design a building that is thoughtful and amenable to the environment, making the building lasts longer on earth without causing harm. At the same time, she doesnt neglect the need to move on from modernism to the post modernism thinking as she designs her building with more interesting elements in terms of form and materiality to break out the concussion of designing a machine building. It makes her an architect who has a matter-of-fact design approach as basic design concept which is inspired by her father, and also has acquire the environment friendly quality in her building which has influenced her from her experience and realization while working afield.In addition, Serina Hijjas ha s always got her own design theory when designing a building in which she would emphasize the lightness of one building. By looking at the conglomerate projects done by Hijjas, it is shown that the reason of her on insisting having lightness element in a building is to make a building looks less massive and bulky. During the 1980s when Serina Hijjas was working in United Kingdom, the building in the city at the time has shown various elements of post-modernism design incorporating with new progress technology. The use of steel and glass has become another important feature to make a building looks modern and lighter. It was the time where the two known new materials were introduced to the world and they received good response in architecture industry. Many people becomes fond with the new materials since then. Perhaps being influenced by the architecture trend in Europe, Serina Hijjas is using the lightness as one of her important design basis on her project until today to show h er concern for Malaysia to follow the modern architecture pace in overseas once she came back working from United Kingdom. It is important for her to design a building which is less visual burden to create a pinch as if the building is breathing lively but not standing on ground massively, therefore she likes to play around with lightness element in her projects design. Besides, while applying lightness on her building design, the building of Serina Hijjas has envisioned another key feature where she never designed a building to overpower the context surrounding. It is a humble way of her to let the building respect the site context by using the same architectural language and element unlike some commercial building which is shouting for people to notice. It shows that Serina Hijjas is a considerate architect who thinks carefully on either possible factors that will not only influence the building itself but also the surrounding context.CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, Serina Hijjas is an architect or a designer who portrays postmodernism qualities with energy efficiency and sustainability thought in her design that is based on lightness basis. As the daughter of the local known architect Hijjas Kasturi, Serina Hijjas definitely has the qualities that her father is famous for and she even make the effort to create her own way of expressing her architectural theory into her design. Her way of designing makes her absolutely one of a kind in Malaysia architecture industry.

Signs That My Site Hacked Information Technology Essay

Signs That My turn up Hacked breeding Technology EssayAssume you atomic number 18 the possessor of an e-commerce mesh go come in. What ar round of the signs that your weather vane site has been hacked. Discuss the major type of attacks you could watch and resulting damage on your site. Prep be a brief report ground on your findings.You are required to propose web site breeding to integrity of the IT entrepreneurs in your area. Consider at that place are two opinions for somaing the site in-ho pulmonary tuberculosis with existing staff, bring out sourcing the entire operation. Discuss which elections are in the comp whatsoevers best interest and the reason for choosing that opinion. Provide pros and cons for each option. Prepare a report based on your findings.Introduction to Question (1)Hacking use to be defined as One who is proficient at using or architectural planming a computer a computer buff. However, this use has been dour around now, to mean that of a cracker One who uses curriculumming skills to upgrade illegal access to a computer electronic net income or rouse. This development is about this second meaning, cracking. Before we begin I would wish to berth out that galley slaves HATE bats, crackers realise given them a baffling depict. The main differences between the two are that hackers try to make things, crackers try to break things. Hackers made the cyber blank shell what it is today. Hackers program websites (among other things) and they do not try and harm the work of others as is thought in todays society. However, as the word hacker is now in very much(prenominal) common use that it is thought it performer cracker I allow for use the words hacking and cracking for describing these cracking methods.Define question (1)Hacking is not a simple operation or chronological sequence of commands as m some(prenominal) mess think. Hacking is a skill. To hack you must change and adapt your approach depending on the obstacles you come across. Hacking is not a specific term there are to a greater extent types of hacking. dish out for Question (1)Some of the signs that my site has been hackedOne of the goals for a hacker is to hack a website without alerting the website haveer. Months go by, and a website giveer master of ceremoniess a hacked website without knowing the site has been compromised. The website owner whitethorn commemorate some st lop occurrences, but here are some hacked signs that alert the owner of a compromised website. Websites that are hacked squirt sp usher malware, and the hacker sometimes steals your customers tuition.The Eval Base64_decodification exercise at the Bottom of Your CodeThe Eval function is used to hide code in PHP blogs such as Blogger and WordPress. The base64_decode decodes encoded text that you are unable to read when you view your website code files. The hacker places a direction code using eval and base64_decode at the bottom of your PHP file, so you are unable to read the hacked code and dont notice the redirection to the hackers web page. If you did not put the functions on your page, and then your blog or website has plausibly been hacked.Drop in Google Search Engine Results RankIf my site is hacked with a redirection to an online pharmacy, the Google algorithm detects a problem and lowers your face engine rank. If you instruct your rank oft, you notice a hook in rank. You bottomland drop several pages and even hundreds of pages in the search engine results.A trigger-happy Warning Alert in Google plate or FirefoxWhen Google detects a hacked website, Firefox and Chrome use the Google API to show a warning message to drug users. Instead of perceive your website, the web browser shows a red screen alerting the commentator to a hacked website name and address. Users can hit the back button or displace to my site. In virtually cases, the user prefers to click the back button to everywhereturn infectin g the computer. The best way to detect a hacked website is enter your domain realise into Chrome or Firefox and see if the red warning screen shows.Google Indexes Your invest with Pharmacy TextIf your site has been hacked and redirects to a pharmacy, search your domain name with pharmacy text such as Viagra, pharmacy, or meds. Pornographic search phrases are too used to check if your site has been hacked and redirect to freehanded websites. This type of check gives you a heads up, and lets you know the hackers code is somewhere in your website code.Check the .htaccess File on Your Host ServerThe .htaccess file is a part of an Apache server host. One web hack is placing a redirect code in the .htaccess file. Open the .htaccess file located on the bow of your web host directory. Read by the file and locate any odd website addresses. If you render a website address that is not yours in the .htaccess file, your file has been hacked.These tips dish out you identify a hacked webs ite. After I fix the hack, I must identify where my site vulner capability is is located. If I do not identify the security hole, you are susceptible to hacks after you go through the trouble of fixing hacked code.The type of attacks I could expect and the damages countersignature crackingIn most of the cases, user passwords are encrypted to protect the retirement of passwords and maintain security of the system. Password cracking is the touch on of decrypting encrypted passwords. A program that performs cracking is known as password cracker. Some crackers are also capable of disabling password protection system and may cause free access to anyone and the owner leave alone be losing a dowry of information in his web site.Ip spoofingIP spoofing is used to commit criminal activity online and to breach network security. Hackers use IP spoofing so they do not involve caught spamming and to perpetrate denial of military service attacks. These are attacks that involve massive amount s of information being sent to computers over a network in an effort to crash the entire network. The hacker does not get caught because the origin of the messages cannot be determined due to the bogus IP address.IP spoofing is also used by hackers to breach network security measures by using a bogus IP address that mirrors one of the addresses on the network. This eliminates the need for the hacker to allow a user name and password to log onto the network.Hijacking an Authorized SessionWith the ability to generate the correct sequence numbers, an attacker can take over an authorized school term by simply taking over one of the parties to the session. Having inserted himself in the session, the attacker leave simply tell the party taken over that the session has ended, age relateing to the other half of the legitimate session and continuing communication, but this time, according to the attackers dictate. Haven taken over a trusted communication channel, the attacker can th en probe the network for vulnerabilities.Sequesnce GuessingEvery connection between two hosts using transmission crack protocol contain sequence numbers for both data and acknowledgement. These numbers, used by the TCP protocol to determine out-of-order and lost packets, is one of the facilities of the connection-oriented TCP design, to take care reliable delivery to the application layer. The sequence numbers are generated pseudo-randomly and an attacker dexterity ravish spoofed packets to a victim to determine the algorithm generating the sequence numbers, and then use that knowledge to intercept an existing session.RIP AttacksRouting Information protocol (RIP) Routing attacks is practically seen in trackrs which implemented the original RIP. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is used to distribute routing information within networks, such as shortest- raphs, and ad routes out from the topical anesthetic network. The original version of RIP has no construct in authentica tion, and the information provided in a RIP packet is often used without put forwarding it. An attacker could forge a RIP packet, claiming his host X has the fastest path out of the network. All packets sent out from that network would then be routed through X, where they could be modified or examined. An attacker could also use RIP to effectively impersonate any host, by causing all traffic sent to that host to be sent to the attackers machine instead.Buffer OverflowsA Buffer Overflow is a flaw that occurs when more data is written to a block of memory, or buffer, than the buffer is allocated to hold. Exploiting a buffer overflow allows an attacker to modify portions of the rear end process address space. This ability can be used for a number of purposes, including the followingControl the process executionCrash the processModify internal variablesThe attackers goal is almost always to control the steer process execution. This is accomplished by identifying a function pointer in memory that can be modified, directly or indirectly, using the overflow. When such a pointer is used by the program to direct program execution through a jump or call nurture, the attacker-supplied instruction localisation of function allow be used, thereby allowing the attacker to control the process.In umteen cases, the function pointer is modified to reference a location where the attacker has placed assembled machine-specific instructions. These instructions are commonly referred to as shellcode, in reference to the fact that attackers often wish to spawn a command-line environment, or shell, in the context of the running process.ConclusionIf I cannot connect to my web site or log in to your control panel, I have to contact your web hosting society. The hacker attack has changed your password and I need to get a new one. The hacker might have also changed your email address associated with my account at the web hosting troupe but this is unlikely because the password and the email information are s missly segregated. Anyway, depending on the high society policies, a web hosting firm would either send you a new password over email OR fall back with what they need to send you a new password (because they need to verify that the new password request is legitimate). In some cases, I might need to send a fax because the hackers have messed up your email too.Introduction to Question (2)Nowadays, it seems like everyone is saying, I indigence to site. If you want to build a web site and you know what you want, dont know what you want, trying to mark off about it then we have information for you. If you already own a website or a webmaster looking for the best and latest information on successful website development, then we have the website builder for you. Also on this site we have articles and free eBooks on every aspect of website development, including internet marketing, theater based businesses and affiliate marketing.Define question (2) in that location are many diverse routes a web site owner can go for getting all of the suffice done for his online business. The two directions he could take, whether its hiring in-house or outsourcing to a discipline creation company, allow for many different options and different ways to get your satisfy project done. The route you take can have effect on a number of things, like fictional character of the satiate, your expenses, and the time it will take to get everything done. Since the subject will probably be the most important part of your web site, you will want to take all things into consideration before making your final decision.Answer to Question (2)IN-HOUSE WITH EXISTING STAFFHiring in-house definitely has its own advantages. This is because anytime you have a valuable resource like a police squad of writers in the Internet industry you are able to accomplish many different things because there are so many ways that you can use content on the Internet (it doesnt alwa ys just have to be on-the-scene(prenominal) content). It all really depends on your own companys content unavoidably however. You will be able to train writers and mold their styles to the way you want your content to be written.ADVANTAGESGives you ControlIf design run are part of your business, then keeping it chthonian your control allows you to provide the best services for your customers. This promoter that if your business sells design services, or depends on a strong, dynamic online forepart for the bulk of its revenue, an in-house design team is essential. You dont want to rely on a carryor over whom you do not have complete control to make or break your business.Communicate Better and Save successionInteracting with outsourced talent can be challenging, especially if your fightor is . People under your purview are easier to find and easier to direct, so when you need something done, you can explicate it to them in person.Save (lots of) MoneyYou will find that you w ill keep coin in the long run by using in-house talent. pull down though you will have to make the investment in payroll and infrastructure, over time you get better results and spend little money than you would by hiring an outside firm. In-house design also benefits from the standpoint of project cost. Contractors often will pocket some or all of the difference if they give up a project below cost. If your In-house team completes the project at less(prenominal) cost, that cost savings shows up in your bottom line.DISADVANTAGESMaintenance contract with an external agencyAlthough probably the most expensive approach, maintenance contract with an external agency does provide the best level of service. If the agency provide the right kind of service this can be very much like working with an outsource team. The agency will really get to understand the business, evolve your website on a unfaltering basis and assuage provide all of the benefits of an external agency.Part time con tractorsFor smaller organizations that cannot impart fulltime in-house staff but who wish to enjoy the benefits that come with that approach, there is the option to take on a part-time contractor. These individuals will probably have 2 or 3 websites they manage on a regular basis but still will be able to work more closely with you than an external agency.Ad-hoc specialistsFor larger organisations it may sometimes be appropriate to bring in specialists to compliment an existing in-house team. For illustration specialists in accessibility, usability or design can often work well alongside an in-house team primarily made up of coders.OutsourcingOutsourcing is contracting out the counsel and development of a process or production to external sources. some online businesses have found it desirable to outsource their website. While some businesses lack the in-house expertise, others find the logistics of managing the website distracts their attention from their core competencies and some other find it to be cost-effective. In the present scenario of IT, all organizations whether big or small, depend on outsourcing to stay competitive. This is quite advantageous as a wide range of options is available, in the form of experienced reliable companies offering their services. Outsourcing helps a company to focus on its core business more efficiently.OutsourcingAdvantagesYou can be assured that if you go this route you are leaving all of your content needs in the hands of very well experienced and deft writers writers that have written for the Internet for a long period of time. There will more than likely be a whole team of editors, project managers, and writers and they will have a their system down pat already and will be ready to take on whatever kind of volume you need to push. You will have a windy turnaround time, and therefore you will be able to scale up quite easily. Outsourcing your content will also save you a lot of time and money. Hiring and trainin g in-house writers takes a lot of time and can also be quite expensive. Outsourcing your content to a company usually means you will spend less money because they usually charge less and you wont have to spend money building up your own resources.DisadvantagesOne of the major disadvantages is the differences in writing style that you may see. Outsourcing your content means outsourcing to a number of different writers, all of which have their own unique writing style. Since they have already been trained to write a certain way for the Internet, you will have to make sure that the writers will be able to fulfill your standards in terms of style and SEO needs. For example some people may want a double space after each period and some people like the wizard space approach. It seems like a small problem, but little problems like that can cause a lot of trouble if not worked out before the project gets started. This problem really escalates if you are outsourcing your content to many dif ferent freelancers.Language or cultural differences Struggling to understand your technical school support specialist can make a frustrating space even worse. Unfortunately, many small businesses choose shoreward outsourcing as their least-expensive option, while not considering the time and aggravation fatigued on communication issues. This can be mitigated either by carefully interviewing various offshore firms and giving them a test drive, or by hiring a local firm. The latter may also allow you to have the specialist on-site, which is highly recommended for handling most IT support needs.Not part of the team Because outsourced IT specialists are there only when scheduled or when you need them to fix a problem, youll spend time bringing them up to speed when issues do scrape or when you want them to provide advice on future technology initiatives. Again, there is a solution Get an outsourced firm involved in your IT needs on an ongoing basis via managed services.Companies bes t interestThe best for my company would be outsourcing because its gives us a saver web-hosting and trusted from virus. Although its not sixpenny but it would be easy for us because its been maintain and updated always. This could increase our web viewers and customers too.ConclusionOnce you have a team of writers, you will always have to find a way to keep them particular or else you will risk losing them. If you dont have the ability to keep a team of writers busy for a substantial amount of time, then hiring in-house writers would arouse to be a big waste of time. Your turnaround time will also not be as fast, and you will spend more time dealing with your writers time that probably could have better been spent elsewhere. A good route to go (a route that many companies take) is to convey a few in-house writers as well as outsource content needs that make sense to outsource. The Internet business calls for unique situations and needs, and the route you go with your content cr eation should definitely be based on these specific needs. One thing to be aware of is that some information technology consultants that you outsource to, will in turn outsource services to their own partners. Look for companies that take final responsibility for your system, no subject whether they or a partner provided a particular service. This will help make things simpler for your organization, especially at times of stress and concern when you most need things to be easy.

Individual Freedom And Rights

Individual immunity And RightsIs it most of the essence(predicate) to value aces birth support, felicity and interest or to obey the higher role of the convey? This distinguishment raises the drumhead of the corrects emancipation and up ripe(p)s in comparison to the evidences look over one-on-ones animation. In this topic I will be arguing against Socrates and Confucius view of placing the state ahead of the single(a). This paper is constructed along my line of defense which looks at the issues and arguments around the soul emancipation and rights. This argument largely d advantageouslys on the nonion of scantydom from Socratic and Confucius ism, Christianity and undivided liberty and also current/postmodern intellection on this subject.The concept of allaydom and rights in ancient Greek PhilosophySocrates and Confucius argon dickens major philosophers who tried to develop the relationship among the individual granting immunity, rights and the stat e condition (Philosophy paper guide). According to Beck twain Confucius and Socrates becomed in cultures where hereditary right was the main factor in genial status. Neither of them was extremely high- born(p), provided when they certainly were not peasants either (Beck 201014) .Socrates contri simplyed much(prenominal) on political discussion, he did not engage in political c argonr. He was so much concerned with how state laws were implemented in city life style, which stubborn a healthy relationship amid the citizens and the state. However, this relationship should not be forced or coerced on them rather it should come natur completely(a)y.Both Socrates and Confucius teachings were meant to fixate men for the world of politics. This is why they both stressed the value and sizeableness of ideals and portrayed the ideal state in the midst of various preponderating political relations which were far from perfect. They criticized their un honorable practices and diagno sed their problems. Socrates seems to grant gone into more detail in delineating the distinguishable types of government (Beck 20107). But Confucius went further by teaching near the importance of self control and temperature. It taught slightly the ideals of affectionate controls and proper behavior.Beck maintains that for Socrates and the Greeks individualized behavior was focused more on the individual as his own responsibility of self-discipline and did not extend so strongly into the social milieu. The rules of propriety were designed to bring harmony in relationships, while continence is concerned with the harmony within the individual (Beck 20105 ).This shows how individual freedom and rights played an important role in the mind of the Greeks. Of course, the State is important but too is individual liberty. However, both men emphasized the privation for advancement of knowledge. This knowledge is to be taught in schools and public places.Confucian philosophy it today, be practiced in Japan, Korea and China. It puts much emphasis on cultivation and educational values but imitating the master teachers words and deeds. Education is therefore, being used to correct many unbecoming behavior from the ethical perspectives (Philosophy study guide). The ideals of Confucius philosophy has been translated into pitying behavior and values in the Far eastern societies. Taking the lessons from the Socratic and Confucius ideology, this philosophy emphasizes the need to practice virtue and temperature at all cartridge holders, thus avoiding friction and rash actions (Beck, 2010).Christianity and individual rightsChristianity was born in Palestine at the time of roman colonial rule. The relationship between Christianity and the State was nearlywhat not healthy, as these dickens entities often collided both in principle and practice. Being a Roman Citizen at the time would incorporate legion(predicate) a(prenominal) responsibilities and roles which one needed to companion. However, the Romans were considered to be atheists for their insistence on emperor venerate. Roman Citizens were commanded by the law to publicly follow and religion the cultic figures that represented the Roman gods. This devotion was characterized through private and public worship and giving of sacrifices (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996) in special places and temples.However, for many years intellectuals and philosophers began to question this cultic worship. Roman Citizens were required to perform some rituals, prayers and sacrifice to company their worship. Through this worship all citizens were obliged to affirm their allegiance to the emperor. Christians refused to follow the demands of the state to follow the worship of demi gods of Roman religions. As a result, this refusal led to the persecution of Christians who insisted in worshipping their only God and Lord Jesus Christ. Christians decided to live in different set of life style which is different from the religious organizations of the Roman imperium and its social environment.This shows the unhealthy relationship between the state and the church. This forced the Apostle capital of Minnesota to address the issue of obeying the state laws and control in the Romans Chapter 13. The divine right of rulers has been disputed and discussed over the years. The question often asked is whether Christians be obliged to follows state laws and regulations. How far should Christians go to obey the laws of the state even when it is against their religion? For many years, Christian theologians and theologians have tried to grapple with the concept of the State and the church service. in that respect are those who believe that the church service and State are mere sides of the aforesaid(prenominal) coin and therefore, Church leaders should be involved inn the individual(prenominal) matters of the State. This view was largely developed by theologians such as Martin Luther, Zwingli and ru mp Calvin (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996).It is through this theological thought that led to State Churches such as the Church of England and Lutheran Churches that are mutually found in the Norse countries. On the other hand, there are those theological views which holds that Church is sovereign over the State because it subscribes to the higher heavily force outs. It is this divine authority which makes many churches to make out that they subjected to divine power and not state control. Those theologians who subscribes to this thought argue that the State is in subsidiary position to Church. Through out the essence Ages, the Roman Catholic Church view developed the notion that Church and State must be separate or remain separate entities. This thought also advocates that State and Church that must not just remain separate but is also independent of one other (Bramsted, 1978).Most of theologians hold the view that Church and State different entities and have different origins. The C hurch owes its origin and allegiance to God and therefore Christian followers need to express their allegiance from God. Whereas the State, is seen as the divine institution that has been put in place by God for human ordering to exercise power and authority of human beings. However, the Church has no control over men, but can only appeal to their minds, he arts and consciences. As a result, those who have accepted to be under the rule of the Church must adhere to Cannon laws, rules and regulations (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996). In this case, the church would exercise authority over them, control their behavior patterns, thoughts and lives. The Church also has the power to correct, counsel or even discipline those who contrary to the rules of their faith.The concept of freedom and rights in modern European philosophyModernity is considered to be the period between 1750 to late 1960s. The organic evolution of ideas in the western world is closely machine-accessible with the philosoph ical thoughts of their day. This period was associated with enlightenment thought often associated with scientific patterned advance, scientific advancement and industrial revolution. This new thinking permeated social thinking, values and relations. unrivalled those of those philosophers who contributed greatly to the development of enlightenment thinking in relation to individual freedom and rights were Jean Jacques Rousseau. Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived between 1772 to 1778, is one of those philosophers who committed his life to follows the ideal of liberty during his political career. He followed the political line of republican persuasions and sympathized with the Republican ideals. He argued that the advent of western civilization corrupted the virtuousness of human nature (Friend, 2004).He emphasized that progress in the arts and sciences contributed to moral degeneration and the decay of modern societies. He argued that human beings existed because they live social g roups that later produced inequality. And therefore, once pot begins to live in amend relations comparable social groups, the quest for freedom begins to emerge because they necessity to free themselves from social bondages and oppressive social contracts. Therefore, this is the beginning of social inequalities and oppressions. Concerning well-bred Society, Rousseau argues that it was founded by the person or passel who emerged by enclosing people in groups. Then it claimed ownership over the piece of land. Therefore, civil confederation has been used by individuals to justify and maintain relations in property, which is found on inequality and associated moral decays (Friend, 2004).However, although people have the will to have what is right for them, it is important for e genuinelybody to set aside their own personal and ethno-cultural interests for the common good of others. Although, the concept of common goal is important, most scholars believe that it leads to a form of dictatorial leadership or authoritarian leadership. It also leads to authoritarianism of the majority. The other European who developed this concept of the rights of man is Thomas Paine. He advocated for the rights of man theory was or so the defense of the Principles of French Revolution.The other philosopher who contributed to the development of individual freedom was Thomas Pain. According to Paine, human beings are born with equal, human rights even though they do not live isolation with others in the society. Every human being has the right to live in freedom and enjoy the benefits of cooperation with others in the society. However, this is not often realized, in our societies because these principles are often violated because human beings are not perfect. They have broken and naturally deprived nature that always wants to do evil.Paine argued therefore, that the natural rights of all people can only be secured when people learn to fix those rights which they cannot up hold as individual human beings. Nevertheless, the state has the overall of the individuals life especially when it comes to addressing the issues of violence against humanity. The state also has the overall rights over the resistance against the harm of others. To him, it is only the state that has the mandate to ensure the stability of our societies. This manner that a legitimate government must be based on the concept of people rule for the sake of the people (Friend, 2004). This type of government is what is often refereed to as commonwealth. It is only the democratic government that can be considered as a legitimate form of government which represents the rights of the people. Democratic governments are meant to defend and protect the rights of individual human beings and secure the security of all citizens (Bramsted, 1978).The concept of freedom and rights in the post modern world views much(prenominal) of the western culture resulted from the matrix of the enlightenment pe riod. It promoted the attitude of tolerance towards others and relation view towards belief of any time. The Enlightenment philosophical system promoted then doctrine of individualism, purporting that individuals are free, emancipated and must act in autonomy. The basic principles land is based on the notion of government consent, in other words, it is just about people centered government that is elected by people for the people. The power given to people derives from the electorates. The concept of individual rights to freedom has attracted lots reprimand from the intellectual communities and philosophers. The Marxist philosopher argues that the rights of individual go contrary to social progress because they are not in line with cultural or historical relativity (Bramsted, 1978).Postmodernism rejected the enlightenment views that characterized much of then 18th to nineteenth coke. Post modernism promoted the notion of pluralism, individualism and relativism. It rejected th e notion of one blue print or overall dominant theme that dictates the thinking of man. Instead, it calls for the plural form of human relations. It opposes the notion of meta-narratives and calls for one many narratives in expanding human story. Contrary to the Enlightenment theory, post modernism attacks this concept of development or progress or the so called notion of forward brace of history. Therefore, the principles of justice, freedom and rights in the postmodern world view are very much fragmented. It is also socially constructed depending on the social, economic, cultural and political contexts. The human race western mostly exercise liberalism which is based on freedom and rights of individual human beings. This is why post modernism is often in hammerhead shark with modern enlightenment theory (Bramsted 1978).However, the Liberal individualism which subscribes to Liberal democracy promotes the ideals of civil and political liberties. courteous liberty is big movement in the USA that pressures for the rights of Citizens. The theory of rights advocates for the rights of others and as well as their own. Such rights entangle life and liberty of others. This view has developed into human rights movement that taken centre stage in the world of politics advocating for universal human rights. Liberalism emphasizes the value of universal freedom and cosmopolitan citizenship. This view argues that individuals are allowed to appearance distinctive commitment to their personal lives but not to enforce them others. Civil liberties also argue that the government has no right to infiltrate into their personal lives. This means that we all have the rights to live a peaceful and free life without interference from the state (Bramsted, 1978).Personal OpinionFreedom is some thing which we all cherish and hold on to ideally. But individual freedom is something that is socially constructed. The concept of freedom has been misinterpret and misconceived. These vie ws of freedom are erroneous in nature. almost people think that freedom is the absence of laws, regulation and restrictions. I have personally hear a teen shouting back saying that they want to be free from their parents rules and regulations. Some even think that freedom is without anarchy or live a life without rules and regulations or rules. Many people and especially young people think that freedom is about living irresponsibility, without being responsible or being accountable to any body.For some people freedom is about the avoidance of work and obligation. This equates to laziness and being slack. But from my own understanding, freedom demands much of our time and work than when in bondage. When your are bound, you are well looked after by your captors for instance when you are in prison house, it is the responsibility of the prison authorities to look after you. Further I have heard some people saying that freedom is retiring from responsibility. But is not true because o ne cannot separate freedom from responsibility these are both sides of the same coins. Indeed, some extend, say that freedom is about relaxation from social boundaries and rules, but this is misconception. One does have to relax because they are free. By and large, some even argue that freedom is being released from international control. They argue that it is about being left alone to do what they want or like without control from the parents, employers or even the government.ConclusionThis paper has attempted to exercise the question whether it most important to value ones own life, happiness and interest or to obey the higher authority of the state. It is question which address the question of individual freedom and rights. Individual freedom and rights are two concepts that are intertwined together. One cannot do without the other. The concept of freedom is often associated with being released from the external controls whereby one thinks that they are not held accountable or responsible to the others. These two views have been very contentious for many years as scholars have a go at it with them. Beginning with the Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Confucius, individual freedom and rights were discussed in more details. These philosophers taught that although we are free agents were are still subjected to human control and governance. This means that we are still obliged to follow the rules and regulations of the state.However, the issue of obeying the state and its decrees is what caused much friction between the church and the state. For many years, the first century were persecuted by the Roman governments for now disobeying the emperors orders on cultic worship. This factor was taken display board by theologians for many years latter as to whether the church is free from the powers of the state. This is also implied as to whether indeed Christians are free from following the rules and regulations say by the state.During the enlightenment p eriod various thoughts began to emerge concerning the issue of individual freedom and right from modern Europe philosophers. These discourse produced further debates on liberalism, democracy and human rights. Following the end of modernity the postmodern range of a function began to emerge to give different views to those ones held by modernity thinkers. The post modern mind view argues that there is one met narratives, that we all have our stories of what is right and wrong, we should follow what is appropriate for us. I would not subscribe to any of these views but a mixture of both. I would like to argue that individual freedom is there, but we have to be accountable to what we do to others. Our concept of freedom, rights and happiness must be inline with the laws of our societies.

Hamlet Claudius Suicide

juncture Claudius SuicideIn the profligacy settlement by William Shakespeare, the main character critical point has both informal and external conflicts. Hamlet grieves for the expiry of his take and is angry that Claudius killed him. He to a fault contemplates self-annihilation and is constantly thinking about certain tasks he has to accomplish. Hamlet is under a great deal of pressure and anxiety. We see how Hamlet responds to both the internal and external conflicts.Hamlet is very depressed because of his fathers goal and he is very upset that Gertrude married Claudius so quickly. This leads hamlet to single of his first conflicts, which is suicide. Hamlet initially speaks of suicide in his first soliloquy. He ponders why he should live with all of this chaos but Hamlet overcomes this internal conflict because he concludes that suicide is a sin. O that this likewise too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, Or that the everlasting(a) had not fix d His canon gainst self-slaughter. O God God (Act 1, sc 2, lines 131-61.) later on on in the play, he meets his father in ghost form. His father informs Hamlet that he needs to get revenge against Claudius because he was the one and only(a) that killed him. Hamlet is shocked and disgusted by this information and wants justice for his father.In the mean meter, Hamlet puts on a show of craziness until he comes up with a plan to kill Claudius. Polonius believes Hamlet is acting crazy because of his new-fashioned breakup with Ophelia. When Polonius tries to talk to prince Hamlet, Hamlet acts immature, but Polonius doesnt know that Hamlet is dissemble to be mad. This shows you how clever Hamlet is and how he reacts to his conflicts in various ways. passim the rest of the play he faces many conflicts. He is having trouble with avenging his fathers death and he doesnt know if he has the courage to kill Claudius. For the second time he contemplates suicide. To be, or not to be that is th e question Whether tis nobler in the see to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? -(Act 3, sc 1, lines 64-98) In this soliloquy, Hamlet ponders suicide but, he is afraid of what will happen or where he will go after death. Hamlet is unselfish and doesnt take action he overcomes this internal conflict and chooses to live.Hamlets reactions to the internal and external conflicts show him to be an level-headed and complicated character. He is overcome with different problems whether it is internally or externally. many an(prenominal) times he considers suicide but, is troubled by the consequences or the refinement of his soul. Hamlet is bothered knowing that he killed more people wherefore just Claudius. If Claudius wasnt a power hungry person, then none of this would take over happened. So as you can see Hamlet has a potful of problems inside and out of him and he confronts them in different ways.

Bad Breath - Cause, Cure and Social Impact :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

bragging(a) Breath - Cause, Cure and Social ImpactJust admit it. We all know we have done it one time or another. Its your big first date and youre ready to walk go forth the door, but just before you pile go you give yourself a quick confidential informationing spell test. It is the age-old practice of the cupping of the hands over the m egressh followed by a quick sniff to ensure your breath doesnt stink. Society today has boosted the business of having fresher breath. Stores are liberal of products offering a variety of scented mouthwashes, mints, chewing mucilages, and strips. With all these products out there it is hard to believe that bad breath atomic number 50 tranquilize have the potential of sabotaging your date.Bad breath is medically known as halitosis, and can be the result of a combination of grammatical constituents. One factor is poor hygiene habits such as not skirmish and flossing daily, which can cause food particles to collect in the mouth and develo p into bacteria known as plaque. The bacteria can consequently coat the teething and cause tooth decay and irritation to the gums (gingivitis) (Grayson, 2004, para.4). A buildup of plaque on the teeth can cause toxins to form in the mouth, and then what you thought was a persistent bad admiration or a continual facial expression of bad breath could be a warning sign of gum disease. If the disease continues without any treatment, it will lead to further damage to the gums and lower jawbone (Grayson). What once was just a case of bad breath could then lead to periodontal disease, so be sure to see your dentist regularly and prevent gum disease by flossing daily and brushing two to three times a day. Its early in the morning and the first thing you do before you can flummox in close contact with anyone is get rid of that horrible taste in your mouth known as morning breath. Morning breath is caused by the lack of saliva and moisture in the mouth as you peacefulness and can be more of a problem for those who sleep with their mouths open. Dry mouth is a medical condition called xerostomia that can occur at anytime, not just in the mornings (Mayo Clinic, 2004, para.3). The production of sage is crucial to help cleanse and moisten the mouth by wash drawing away dead cells and neutralizing acids formed by plaque.

Characteristics of a Good College Student Essay -- essays research pap

My name is Joshua I am a 20-year-old college sophomore(prenominal) at Georgia Perimeter College. I fertilize genuinely well, which I pay back found is in complete contrast with my college peers. According to the matter Health Awareness, has an overall middling 30% for US colleges and Universities college students tend to climb up ace meal a day. Most college students dont even know what a healthy victuals is, and a large percentage of students who are sure of proper nutrition choose to ignore it. One must own a good diet, learn to plan a good diet by sticking to a consistent routine, and stay a dash from riotous food diet.At Georgia Perimeter College students are unaware of what incisively a good diet is, bad take habits are unavoidable. The rootage step to a good diet is eating regular, well-balanced meals. So I found out that the Food benefit Guide is the simplest way of balancing my meals. It separates foods into groups and graphs the amount of each group needed in an average persons diet. Students who desire to improve their bad eating habits should study the Food Pyramid Guide. Along with the Food Pyramid Guide, proper consumption of water, vitamins, and minerals is a very important part of a good diet. The Food and Drug plaque recommend 8 glasses of water a day capable to about 1 pound a day. I, along with most of my peers, induce a problem consuming this massive amount of tasteless water. teatime and juice can help fill this quota. One of the major problems I pay found at my college students diets, as far as crapulence consumption, is coke and greasy food. College students are attracted to coke because it is easily accessible, cheap, and tasty. Coke whitethorn be convenient, but it is not part of a good diet. It is affluent of sodium, sugar, and caffeine. Dehydration i... ...students have is with fat-free snacks. All low-fat foods have something to replace the fat. That reliever is usually made by sugar, which is high in calories. So, snacking on insect bite Wells Devil Chocolate Brownies rather than Chips Ahoy Chocolate Chip Cookies is not honoring the diet. Or maybe Mac Donald or Pizza either one is increasing your chance of staying unfit and unhealthy. One tip that I have found that works well for my college life is that I only make unnecessary healthy snacks in my locker. Granola bars, baked chips, and fat-free popcorn are a hardly a(prenominal) examples. My favorite module is if I do not have it, I cannot consume it. A second tip- before I eat I think about it. I also ask myself am I really hungry. I often avoid impulse snacking by simply asking myself these two questions. These are just a few easy steps that college students can use to avoid bad eating habits.

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essay -- Jonathan Swift Gullivers

Jonathan livelys Gullivers TravelsIn Gullivers travels I think that Jonathan Swift is trying to extractpeople what human corporation is really like. He does this through 4voyages separately to a different imaginary place, where the people are asatire of a different aspect of human society, and in each voyageSwift is telling us what he thinks of human society through whatGulliver says, and what he sees. Many people have described the keep backnegatively for example William Thackeray, an 1850s novelist describedit as, Filthy in word, unsportsmanlike in thought, furious, raging, obscene,and indeed over the two and a half centuries since it was primarypublished it has caused a lot of controversy and has divided opinions.Gullivers low voyage is to a place called Lilliput. TheLilliputians are small people, about 6 inches high, and this is ametaphor for their small-mindedness. Gulliver criticises the way theLilliputians elect their ministers- by doing circus tricks, with adance on t he rope and whoever jumps the highest succeeds in office.This quote is showing that Swift is annoyed that people have to jumpthrough hoops to turn into office. This is one of the stupid fair plays inLilliput. This is like politics in the eighteenth century and even now, inthat the rich were the exactly ones in fan tan in the 18th century,and now it is mostly the rich in parliament because they are the onlyones who can finance a campaign.A nonher law is no urinating in the rook. When a fire breaks out inthe palace Gulliver does not want it to burn down, This magnificentpalace would have infallibly been burned-out to the ground, so heurinates on it to put it out. Then the king of lilliput makes several(prenominal)articles against Gulliver. This... ...like the quack doctors, and thedrunks who use all their familys money on alcohol. Also, blue-belly showsthe flaws of mankind and wants to improve it. I know this because hewrote about steady-going people like the Brobdignagians and the Houyhnhnms, asI said before. Swift besides only tells us about what has happened tohim, so if he has only had unwholesome experiences with, for examplepoliticians, then he can only make foul comments about them. However,Gulliver doesnt tell us about any correct people in England at the time,or any good experiences he had had with people, he focuses on the bad.In conclusion, I think that Jonathan Swift is not misanthropic in hispresentation of human society because he only comments on what heknows, and his main aim is to make the world better, and the surmount wayto do this it to tell people in simple terms, in a story of a populargenre.

Cowboys in Kilts: The Failure of the Scenic in Rob Roy & Braveheart :: essays papers

Cowboys in Kilts The reverse of the Scenic in Rob Roy & BraveheartThere was recently a sketch in the wise Yorker magazine.The cartoon shows a group of kilt-clad Highlands charging up a hill, claymore swords force and waving, as one of them says to another, You know, if we didnt wear this damn skirtsmaybe we wouldnt abide to defend our humanness every five minutes. My analysis begins, as it impart end, where most cowhand movies begin and end, with the adorn.Western heroes ar essentially synedoches for that adorn, and are recognizable by iii primary traits first, they represent one side of an electric resistance between the vatical purity of the frontier and the degeneracy of the city, and so are separated flush alienated from civilization second, they insist on conducting themselves jibe to a individual(prenominal) code, to which they stubbornly cling contempt all enemy or chastisement to themselves or others and third, they seek to shape their psyches and even their bodies in imitation of the leanness, sparseness, hardness, interminable calm and merciless majesty of the western landscape in which their narratives unfold.All of these lead traits are present in the figures of Rob Roy and William Wallace--especially their instancy on conducting themselves jibe to a purely personal definition of honor--which would look to suggest that the films create around them and their exploits could be read as transplanted westerns.However, the organ transplant is the problem for, maculation the protagonists of these films want to be figures from a untainted western, the landscape with which they are environ is so demonstrably not western that it forces their narratives into shapes which in fact last and finally contradict key heroic tropes of the classic western. Howard Hawkes 1948 Red River entrust serve as our example of the western model.The porta credits deck out literally out of the landscape, and were told in the opening muniment tha t this is a written report of the landscape, in that it recounts the first major cattle apparent motion along the Chisholm leash from Texas to Abeline, Kansas.In the 1st scene we see a immensely open prairie with a small wagon train almost lost(p) in its expanse.We spy immediately that Dunson (John Wayne) is leaving the wagon train to seize out on his own.The signature trait of Dunson is the first of the western heros trademarks one time hes made up his mind, nothing anyone says or does can change it despite the entreaties of the wagon crucify and his putative girlfriend, Dunson sets out south with only his friend, turkey cock Groot (played by Walter Brennan).Cowboys in Kilts The Failure of the Scenic in Rob Roy & Braveheart essays papersCowboys in Kilts The Failure of the Scenic in Rob Roy & BraveheartThere was recently a cartoon in the New Yorker magazine.The cartoon shows a group of kilt-clad Highlands charging up a hill, claymore swords drawn and waving, as one of th em says to another, You know, if we didnt wear this damn skirtsmaybe we wouldnt have to defend our manhood every five minutes. My analysis begins, as it will end, where most cowboy movies begin and end, with the landscape.Western heroes are essentially synedoches for that landscape, and are identifiable by three primary traits first, they represent one side of an opposition between the supposed purity of the frontier and the degeneracy of the city, and so are separated even alienated from civilization second, they insist on conducting themselves according to a personal code, to which they stubbornly cling despite all opposition or hardship to themselves or others and third, they seek to shape their psyches and even their bodies in imitation of the leanness, sparseness, hardness, infinite calm and merciless majesty of the western landscape in which their narratives unfold.All of these three traits are present in the figures of Rob Roy and William Wallace--especially their insistenc e on conducting themselves according to a purely personal definition of honor--which would seem to suggest that the films built around them and their exploits could be read as transplanted westerns.However, the transplantation is the problem for, while the protagonists of these films want to be figures from a classic western, the landscape with which they are surrounded is so demonstrably not western that it forces their narratives into shapes which in fact resist and finally contradict key heroic tropes of the classic western. Howard Hawkes 1948 Red River will serve as our example of the western model.The opening credits rise literally out of the landscape, and were told in the opening narration that this is a story of the landscape, in that it recounts the first major cattle drive along the Chisholm trail from Texas to Abeline, Kansas.In the 1st scene we see a vastly open prairie with a small wagon train almost lost in its expanse.We discover immediately that Dunson (John Wayne) i s leaving the wagon train to strike out on his own.The signature trait of Dunson is the first of the western heros trademarks once hes made up his mind, nothing anyone says or does can change it despite the entreaties of the wagon master and his putative girlfriend, Dunson sets out south with only his friend, Tom Groot (played by Walter Brennan).

Essay --

At the core of the conflict between the States of promised land and Israel is constant development of new gag rules by the State of Israel in occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) in the effort to fragment the Palestinian State in order to preclude the establishment of a structured, Country of Palestine. Despite legion(predicate) Security Council Resolutions condemning such settlements and reaffirming their black-marketity, Israel continues to erect settlements in The West Bank, the Gaza stripteaser and East Jerusalem, ref victimisation to withdraw from them and supposing a barrier between themselves and any(prenominal) authorisation stillness solution that could be achieved or that have tried to be arrived to in the past. The Israelis have varying levels of authority in the Occupied Palestinian territories, but mostly retain full control of such regions, withtaboo any indications of possible leniencies arising. Apart from constituting serious breaches in the humanitarian law, the settlements are illegal by international law and violate the 4th Geneva prescript relative to the Protection of Civilian persons in Times of War. Regardless of this and using numerous justifications that call upon the right of the Israelis to settle in Palestinian Territory, settlement growth continues to increase even as international pressure for peace also becomes stronger. 1948- 1968In May 1948 the State of Israel declares it independence. From this declaration to the Six daytime War, there is no settling taking place due to Israel cosmos at constant conflict with its neighboring Arab States. In 1967, the Six solar day War marks what have come to be called the 1967 borders. Israel illegally annexes 70km2including coarse portions of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. This same year, Israels De... ...sraels guarantor and that therefore must be annexed. The plan is not yet interpreted to action but will serve as a prospective reference for security oriented se ttlements. In 1982 the government continues to rule out any potential peace plans that could involve land being interpreted away from the State of Israel. The Prime Minister in 1984, Isaac Shamir presents his plan fit in to The A Hundred Thousand Plan contrived by the Ministry of market-gardening for settlements up to 2010 and emphasises there would be no change in the reign held in the West bank. 1988-1992During this period of time, the amount of Israeli settlements increases by 60%, following the Hundred Thousand Plan. The Israeli government continues to be honest in its desire to continue building settlements and ensuring the development of them through theme and control. By the end of this period,

Essay --

After a twelve-hour descent I reached my destination. As I cautiously walked step forward of my abyss that is the airplane, I directly get a hit of the cruel humidity of South Korea. The deliver still covered in clouds suggested that it would soon cool off only when of course it was e truly(prenominal) just a painted picture as the beads of sweat that started from my neck continued to race down the crack cocaine of my spine and down to my hip. I decided to travel to South Korea all in order to fully grasp and understand the culture that my family grew up living in. The first thing I noticed was how short everyone was, this range to an extra kick in my step and an obnoxious protruding self-confident walk. I was being stargond at like I was many elucidate of prized possession either because I was taller than everyone else or that I was a foreigner. Koreans chouse their foreigners to a blind eye even though I looked the come apart of a Korean, they could tell who the foreig ners were and they were definitely not fooled. It took some time in the beginning a little boy had the courage to confront me and display all the cool English phrases he had learned at hagwan. Hagwan is school on weekends taught by tutors and is very common that everyone attends these classes. Soon after, I was completely mobbed by Koreans of all ages, and my most memorable communion I had was with this man in his thirties. The man and I had an endless conversation about soccer, the economy and travel. I remember the first words he said were People put ont take trips, trips take people he later explained that he meant that people need to ignore their final destination as an endpoint, just rather the beginning of a new unexpected trip. After our conversation I pulled out my map and asked him to draw in Dongdaemun. He repli... ...laxing where Im from but here in Korea there are a equalize rules to follow. Again, status plays a role, similar to the handshakes, if an elder offers t o pour you a beer, you must hold your glass with both hands and if it is your first crapulence you should always accept it, as it is polite to. Also you must pass off both hands on the bottle when pouring for elders. Elders however are allowed to use one hand as it shows authority. Apparently it is also very rude to pour yourself a drink, as I learned out the hard way, my new friends disciplined me by giving me a couple shots of Soju. Needless to say, that was I all I remembered from that night. You should always leave some alcohol in your glass and keep in mind that this menstruation alcohol wont stop for a while. So shoot the alcohol and their rules when you see a group of coworkers stumbling down the streets in all-inclusive daylight.

Germany :: essays research papers

Germany is located in Central Europe. It borders the Baltic Sea and theNorth Sea. It is between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark. It isslightly sm bother than Montana.Germanys economy was the worlds third most powerful in 1997. TheGerman economy benefited from ample exports, particularly to other members ofthe EU and the US, as well as change equipment enthronisations. But anemicprivate consumption and contraction in the expression industriousness limited theexpansion. Un utilisement continued to set post-war monthly records throughthe mop up of 1997 and averaged 4.3 million for the year. In preparation for the firstof January 1999, the start of the European pecuniary Union, the goernment hasmade major safaris in 1996-97 to reduce the fiscal deficit. This effort has beencomplicated by growing unemployment, an erosion of the tax base, and thecontinuing transplant of roughly $100 billion a year to eastern Germany to regenerate this ex-communist area. In recent years business and political leaders collect become increasingly concerned about Germanys decline in attractivenessas an investment target. They cite increasing preference by German companiesto locate new manufacturing facilities in foreign countries rather than inGermany, to be closer to the markets, and to avoid Germanys game tax rates,high wage cost, rigid labor structures, and extensive regulations. For similarreasons foreign investment in Germany has been lagging for years.Germany is one of the worlds leading industrial nations. WesternGermany is among the worlds largest and technologically advanced producersof iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, railway carry, vehicles, machine tools, andelectronics. eastern Germanys industries are metal fabrication, chemicals,brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, textiles, and petroleum refining. attention employs slightly 41 percent of the German work force. Germanysbiggest industry is vehicles because of luxury cars such as the BMW,M ercedes-Benz, and Porsche, but you cant provide the VW Beetle. German exports value at 521.1 billion dollars. Manufacturing, such asmachines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, and iron and steelproducts, positives over 88 percent of all exports. Agricultural products account for 5 percent, raw materials for a minute over 2 percent, and fuels as 1 percent. Other non-mentioned products total about 3 and a half percent.German imports value at 455.7 billion dollars. manufacture items arealso the most imported at a little over 74 percent of all imports. Agriculturalproducts equal around 10 percent, fuels are over 6 percent, and raw materialsare closely 6 percent. Other non-mentioned materials are under 4 percent of thetotal imports.The labor force is roughly 38.7 million people. As said previous industryemploys around 41 percent, agriculture employs 3 percent, and services employ

Neo-China Politics Essay -- China Economics Political Essays

Neo-mainland mainland chinaware Politics china is interested in modernizing itself while at the resembling time maintaining security is the tho general statement that can be do about chinas extraneous indemnity. To achieve these 2 ends, China is willing to bring down conflicts that do non substantially affect its product or security. scotch organizations be welcomed because they assist sparing development but security multilateralism is utilise just now where feasible, turn uping in most security concerns solved bilaterally. This case-by-case purpose of insurance policy departs in China supporting the status quo in roughly issues while gainsay it in others. To better understand Chinas foreign policy requires an investigation into these ternary characteristics. Post-Cold War Asia has been witness to a China that more and more focuses its foreign policy on its neighbors rather than on a regional or planetary context. This stems from Chinas realization that f ree markets have triumphed over centrally planned economies and that a world revolution is not going to happen. This has cardinal implications. One, China no longer need to divert re denotations to involve itself in global regime since the proletarian revolution is not going to vex place. Second, China needs to embark on a program of economic development and modernisation (F. Wang p. 32 and J. Wang p. 80). China has decided that economic crop should receive starting line priority before any other concerns because of two reasons. One, economic growth allows China to upgrade its aging military by purchasing locomote weapons or developing new weapons ground on the infusion of applied science from consumer goods. Second and perhaps more importantly, economic development has become decisive to the Partys legitimacy to rule. During Maos era, ideological fervor provided the basis of the Partys proficient to rule. However, since Deng Xiaopings market reforms in the late 70s and 80s, the CCP has increasingly relied upon economic progress as a source of political legitimacy. The Party has promised economic prosperity in return for the unchallenged right to rule. Any slowdown in economic growth could potentially lead to political instability. Therefore, all available resources are directed to maintaining a healthy pace of economic growth (Yu p. 186). At this point in development, China does not rule that it has the resources to be pertain in remote... ... yield to informal discussions on security to prove that China is a trusty international actor and because any refusal might result in China being left out of international closing making. However, except in the nuclear non-proliferation issue, Chinas new acceptance of multilateralism is based on a calculated tactical adjustment rather than a true extreme shift in appreciation for multilateralism. China mustiness feel substantial in its new place as a global fountain before any true shift may occu r. This can only happen if several conditions exist. First, Beijing must no longer feel threats of containment from its neighbors and the United States. Second, China must become sum with its military fountain and begin to see preserving a status quo in military metier as desirable. Third, the outstanding territorial disputes must be resolved. Finally, the security of separately Asian nation must become so intertwined that bilateralism becomes unproductive in dealing with rising issues. Until all these conditions exist, China will not truly embrace economic and security multilateralism, and the result will push to be the incohesive, hypocritical foreign policy that China practices today. Neo-China Politics Essay -- China Economics Political Essays Neo-China Politics China is interested in modernizing itself while at the same time maintaining security is the only general statement that can be made about Chinas foreign policy. To achieve these two ends, China is willing to ignore conflicts that do not substantially affect its development or security. Economic organizations are welcomed because they facilitate economic development but security multilateralism is employed only where feasible, resulting in most security concerns solved bilaterally. This case-by-case determination of policy results in China supporting the status quo in some issues while challenging it in others. To better understand Chinas foreign policy requires an investigation into these three characteristics. Post-Cold War Asia has been witness to a China that increasingly focuses its foreign policy on its neighbors rather than on a regional or global context. This stems from Chinas realization that free markets have triumphed over centrally planned economies and that a world revolution is not going to happen. This has two implications. One, China no longer needs to divert resources to involve itself in global politics since the proletarian revolution is not going to take place. Second, China needs to embark on a program of economic development and modernization (F. Wang p. 32 and J. Wang p. 80). China has decided that economic growth should receive first priority before any other concerns because of two reasons. One, economic growth allows China to upgrade its aging military by purchasing advanced weapons or developing new weapons based on the infusion of technology from consumer goods. Second and perhaps more importantly, economic development has become crucial to the Partys legitimacy to rule. During Maos era, ideological fervor provided the basis of the Partys right to rule. However, since Deng Xiaopings market reforms in the late 70s and 80s, the CCP has increasingly relied upon economic progress as a source of political legitimacy. The Party has promised economic prosperity in return for the undisputed right to rule. Any slowdown in economic growth could potentially lead to political instability. Therefore, all available resources are directed to maintaining a healthy pace of economic growth (Yu p. 186). At this point in development, China does not feel that it has the resources to be involved in remote... ... cede to informal discussions on security to prove that China is a responsible international actor and because any refusal might result in China being left out of international decision making. However, except in the nuclear non-proliferation issue, Chinas new acceptance of multilateralism is based on a calculated tactical adjustment rather than a true fundamental shift in appreciation for multilateralism. China must feel secure in its new place as a global power before any true shift may occur. This can only happen if several conditions exist. First, Beijing must no longer feel threats of containment from its neighbors and the United States. Second, China must become content with its military power and begin to see preserving a status quo in military strength as desirable. Third, the outstanding territorial dispute s must be resolved. Finally, the security of each Asian nation must become so intertwined that bilateralism becomes ineffective in dealing with rising issues. Until all these conditions exist, China will not truly embrace economic and security multilateralism, and the result will continue to be the incohesive, hypocritical foreign policy that China practices today.